Clinical Information

Urine s-sulfocysteine is elevated in 2 disorders with similar clinical phenotypes: molybdenum cofactor deficiency (MoCD) and isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency. Molybdenum is an important trace element that is biosynthesized into an important cofactor, which is essential for the proper functioning of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, sulfite oxidase, and aldehyde oxidase in addition to nitrogenases and nitrate reductase. Four genes are important in mediating the biosynthetic pathway to create molybdenum cofactor: MOCS1, MOCS2, MOCS3, and GPHN (gephyrin). The 3 clinical types of MoCD are autosomal recessive diseases resulting from 2 pathogenic variants in the respective causative gene. MoCDs result in a progressive neurodegenerative disease that manifests with seizures and brain abnormalities in the first weeks to months of life. The most common type of MoCD is MoCD A, caused by variants in MOCS1 and resulting in neonatal or infantile onset seizures and postnatal encephalopathy with rapidly progressive neurodegeneration. Infants with MoCD B (MOCS2 or MOCS3), and C (GPHN) have all been reported but are rare. Infants with MoCD have increased s-sulfocysteine and hypoxanthine and decreased uric acid concentrations in urine. Treatment for MoCD A only is available via clinical trial with cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate infusion and is most effective when initiated early.

Isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency (ISOD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of the enzyme sulfite oxidase, which results in progressive neurodegenerative disease in most cases. ISOD is the result of pathogenic variants in the SUOX gene. ISOD is a spectrum of disease ranging from severe, early onset disease that appears in the first days of life with seizures, feeding issues, and neurologic issues causing abnormal muscle tone, to mild, later onset disease manifesting after 6 months of age with developmental delay or regression, movement issues, which can be episodic, and ectopia lentis in some cases. Infants with ISOD have increased s-sulfocysteine and normal hypoxanthine concentrations in urine. Treatment is largely symptomatic, with medication for seizures and movement/neurologic issues. Unfortunately, no treatment for the underlying metabolic defect is currently available. Prevalence is unknown, but ISOD is likely underdiagnosed.

Hereditary xanthinuria results in renal stones, and less commonly muscle pain and cramping, caused by accumulation of xanthine that forms crystals in the kidneys and muscle tissue. There are 2 types of hereditary xanthinuria: type I caused by deficiency of xanthine dehydrogenase resulting from pathogenic variants in the XDH gene, and type II caused by deficiency of molybdenum cofactor sulfurase resulting from variants in the MOCOS gene. Individuals with xanthinuria have increased xanthine and decreased uric acid concentrations in urine. The incidence of both types of hereditary xanthinuria is about 1 in 69,000 individuals.